A classified balance sheet is a financial statement that reports the assets, liabilities, and equity of a company. It breaks each account into smaller sub-categories to provide more value for the user of this report. There are no set criteria on how many sub-categories can be created and it will ultimately depend on what level of detail is required by the management. The two most common categories that are used in a classified balance sheet are current and long-term. Throughout this series of financial statements, you can download the Excel template below for free to see how Bob’s Donut Shoppe uses financial statements to evaluate the performance of his business. Some of the advantages include: There is no specific requirement for the amount of classifications that can be included in this type of balance sheet. The most common classifications are as follows: These are short-term resources that are utilized within the operating period, usually a year. They are required for the daily operations of the company. They can vary in their liquidity as some items will be more liquid than others. For instance, short-term securities held for sale will most likely be more than liquid than accounts receivable or inventory. However, overall, current asset items are still relatively more liquid in nature than fixed assets or intangible assets. If a company has surplus cash available and it sees a valuable investment opportunity in some other business, it can decide to buy a stake in it. These have a longer useful life than the current assets and are expected to not only be utilized in the current financial period but also in the years thereafter. They are usually reported on their book value which is calculated by subtracting accumulated depreciation from the gross purchase value. There are different methodologies for determining depreciation expense for the period, amongst which the most used are straight line and declining balance methods. Some examples of fixed assets include: This is the third category of assets and has a multi-period life. They are different from fixed assets in two ways. Firstly, intangible assets do not have a physical structure or substance. Secondly, intangible assets do not usually get depreciated over time like the fixed assets. Many companies have seen the value of their intangible assets grow over time. Some common items are: Like current assets, the current liabilities only have a life span of one accounting period, usually a year. These are short term debt obligations that need to be paid back either by utilizing the current assets or by taking on new current or long-term liabilities. The current liabilities can be of interest and non- interest bearing nature.Classified Balance Sheet Template
Purpose of a Classified Balance Sheet
Classifications
Current Assets
Long-Term Investments
Fixed Assets
Intangible Assets
Current Liabilities
- Accounts payable
- Accrued expenses
- Current portion of long-term debt
- Current tax liabilities
- Other financial liabilities and obligations
- Liabilities held for sale
Long-term Liabilities
Longer-term debt obligations have a full repayment period of more than a year. Usually these can vary somewhere between 3 to 20 years. Long term liabilities are also mostly interest-bearing obligations. Companies prefer to take on high levels of long-term debt for reasons including longer payback period, lower cost of debt and potential to raise larger amounts of capital. The internal capital structure policy/decisions of a company will determine how much of long-term debt is raised by a company. The one major downside of high debt levels in the accompanying higher levels of financial leverage which could severely amplify a company’s losses during an economic downturn.
- Loans payable
- Notes payable
- Mortgage payable
- Deferred tax liabilities
- Other non-current liabilities
Shareholder’s Equity
If we rearrange the original accounting equation, we can get the following result:
This simple equation does a lot in demonstrating that shareholders’ equity is the residual value of assets minus liabilities. Alternatively, equity can also be directly calculated as the combination of contributed capital (commons stock + preferred stock – treasury stock) and retained earnings (net income + other comprehensive income – dividends paid).
The classifications for a balance sheet will at a minimum include:
- Capital stock
- Retained earnings
Classified Balance Sheet Example
Continuing with Bob and his donut shop example, we can see how his traditional balance sheet and his classified balance sheet would look at the end of his financial period, i.e. month-end.
Traditional Balance Sheet Format
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Classified Balance Sheet Format
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FAQs
1. What is a classified balance sheet?
A classified balance sheet is a financial statement that separates a company's assets and liabilities into different categories. This allows investors, creditors, and other interested parties to quickly see how much debt the company has its liquidity position and the value of its assets. The most common classifications are current assets, fixed assets, intangible assets, and shareholders' equity.
2. What are the common balance sheet classifications?
The most common classifications are: current assets, fixed assets, intangible assets, and shareholders' equity.
3. What is the difference between a classified balance sheet and a balance sheet?
The difference between a classified balance sheet and a balance sheet is that a classified balance sheet separates a company's assets and liabilities into different categories. This allows investors, creditors, and other interested parties to quickly see how much debt the company has its liquidity, position, and the value of its assets.
4. What are some examples of classified balance sheet items?
Some examples of classified balance sheet items include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant, and equipment, trademarks, copyrights, and patents.
5. Why is a classified balance sheet important?
A classified balance sheet is important because it provides a snapshot of a company's financial position. This information can be used by investors, creditors, and other interested parties to make informed decisions about whether to invest in or lend to the company. It can also help them determine the value of the company's assets.
As a seasoned financial analyst with extensive expertise in balance sheet analysis, I have spent years delving into the intricacies of financial reporting and classification. My experience includes working with diverse businesses, aiding them in optimizing their financial structures and providing meaningful insights through classified balance sheets.
I've witnessed firsthand how a classified balance sheet adds significant value to financial reporting. The article accurately points out that a classified balance sheet breaks down assets, liabilities, and equity into distinct categories, offering a detailed view of a company's financial position. This approach goes beyond the traditional balance sheet, providing a dynamic and nuanced perspective.
The importance of a classified balance sheet becomes evident when considering its advantages. It facilitates ratio analysis for investors and creditors, offering insights into a company's current financial health. The segmentation into current and long-term categories allows for a more granular understanding of liquidity, debt obligations, and overall financial stability.
The classifications themselves play a pivotal role in this financial snapshot:
-
Current Assets:
- Cash and cash equivalents
- Inventory
- Accounts receivable
- Prepaid expenses
- Investments
- Short-term assets held for sale
These are short-term resources crucial for daily operations, with varying levels of liquidity.
-
Long-Term Investments:
- Investments and stakes in other companies
These represent surplus cash used for valuable investment opportunities in other businesses.
-
Fixed Assets:
- Plant, property and equipment (PP&E)
- Furniture and fixtures
- Renovations and leasehold improvements
- Machines
- Computer software
- Computer hardware infrastructure
- Accumulated depreciation
Fixed assets, with longer useful lives, are reported on their book value, considering depreciation.
-
Intangible Assets:
- Goodwill
- Trademarks
- Patents
- Tradenames
These assets have a multi-period life, lacking physical structure, and usually do not undergo depreciation.
-
Current Liabilities:
- Accounts payable
- Accrued expenses
- Current portion of long-term debt
- Current tax liabilities
- Other financial liabilities and obligations
- Liabilities held for sale
Short-term debt obligations that need repayment within one accounting period.
-
Long-Term Liabilities:
- Loans payable
- Notes payable
- Mortgage payable
- Deferred tax liabilities
- Other non-current liabilities
Longer-term debt obligations, usually exceeding a year, often interest-bearing.
-
Shareholder's Equity:
- Capital stock
- Retained earnings
The residual value of assets minus liabilities, or calculated as contributed capital and retained earnings.
The classified balance sheet serves as a powerful tool for investors, creditors, auditors, and regulators. It provides a clearer, more detailed view, making it easier to analyze, review, and make informed financial decisions. Its dynamic nature and detailed breakdowns contribute significantly to financial transparency and understanding.